Novel treatment strategies in cancer immunotherapy

Cenk Serhan OZVEREL, Ismail KARABOZ, Ayse NALBANTSOY

Abstract

Immune system has gained importance in research especially in cancer treatment studies which is also regarded as cancer immunotherapy. Cancers are the leading causes of death in the world, yet there is no effective therapeutics found against them. Current treatment strategies are found to be insufficient and non-specific. Recent studies showed that, for an effective cancer therapy, host immune system needs to be activated. Research on cancer and tumor microenvironment provided more molecular information about cancer and immune cells. Immune based studies on cancer immunotherapy highlighted the importance of host immune system on cancer eradication. One of the first immunotherapeutic used against cancer cells are trastuzumab which is a monoclonal antibody targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Although, it is regarded as a huge milestone in cancer immunotherapy, it is found to be insufficient in treatment. In this review, recent advances in both active and passive immunotherapies are going to be discussed including the obstacles in the treatment strategies and studies carried out to overcome them.

Keywords

Immunotherapy, Cancer, Vaccine, mAb.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Amiri-Kordestani L., Blumenthal G.M., Xu Q.C., Zhang L., Tang S.W., Ha L., Weinberg W.C., Chi B., Candau-Chacon R., Hughes P. 2014. FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(17): 4436-41.

Aspeslagh S., Postel-Vinay S., Rusakiewicz S., Soria J.S., Zitvogel L., Marabelle A. 2016. Rationale for anti-OX40 cancer immunotherapy. European Journal of Cancer, 52: 50-66.

Bartlett D.L., Liu Z., Sathaiah M., Ravindranathan R., Guo Z., He Y., Guo Z.S. 2013. Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer, 12: 103.

Banchereau J., Palucka A.K. 2005. Dendritic cells as therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5(4): 296-306.

Berinstein N.L., Karkada M., Morse M.A., Nemunaitis J.J., Chatta G., Kaufman H., Odunsi K., Nigam R., Sammatur L., MacDonald L.D. 2012. First-in-man application of a novel therapeutic cancer vaccine formulation with the capacity to induce multi-functional T cell responses in ovarian, breast and prostate cancer patients. Journal of Translational Medicine, 10: 156.

Bilusic M., Madan R.A. 2012. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: the latest advancement in targeted therapy, American Journal of Therapeutics, 19: 172-181.

Brahmer J.R., Tykodi S.S., Chow L.Q., Hwu W.J., Topalian S.L., Hwu P., Drake C.G., Camacho L.H., Kauh J., Odunsi K. 2012. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 366 (26): 2455-2465.

Brossart P., Wirths S., Stuhler G., Reichardt V.L., Kanz L., Brugger W. 2015. Induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in vivo after vaccinations with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Blood, 96(9): 3102-8.

Chen D.S., Irving B.A., Hodi F.S. 2012. Molecular pathways: next-generation immunotherapy inhibiting programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed death-1. Clinical Cancer Research Off J. Am Assoc. Cancer Research, 18: 6580-6587.

Croft M. 2010. Control of immunity by the TNFR-related molecule OX40 (CD134). Annual Review of Immunology, 28: 57-78.

Dashti A., Ebrahimi M., Hadjati J., Mamernejadian A., Moazzeni A.M. 2016. Dendritic cell based immunotherapy using tumor stem cells mediates potent antitumor immune responses. Cancer Letters, 28; 374(1): 175-85.

De Paula Peres L., Cordero da Luz F.E., dos Anjos Pultz B., Brigido P.C., Agenor de Araujo R., Goulart L.R., Silva M.J.B. 2015. Peptide vaccines in breast cancer: The immunological basis for clinical response. Biotechnology Advances, 33: 1868-1877.

Eggermont L.J., Paulis L.E., Tel J., Figdor C.G. 2014. Towards efficient cancer immunotherapy: advances in developing artificial antigen-presenting cells. Trends in Biotechnology, 32(9): 456-465.

Fauvel B., Yasri A. 2014. Antibodies directed against receptor tyrosine kinases: current and future strategies to fight cancer. mAbs., 6(4): 10-11.

Ghaffari-Nazari H., Tavakkol-Afshari J., Jaafari M.R., Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S., Masoumi E., Jalali S.A. 2015. Improving mult,-epitope long peptide vaccine potency by using a strategy that enhances CD4+T help in BALB/c mice. PLos One, 10 (11): 1-12.

Golub T.R. 2004. Toward a functional taxonomy of cancer. Cancer Cell, 6(2): 107-108.

Hamid O., Robert C., Daud A., Hodi F.S., Hwu W.J., Kef-ford R., Wolchok J.D., Hersey P., Joseph R.W., Weber J.S. 2013. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 369: 134-144.

Harao M., Mittendorf E.A., Radvanyi L.G. 2015. Peptide-based vaccination and induction of CD8+ T-Cell responses against tumor antigens in breast cancer. Biodrugs, 29(1): 15-30.

Hatfield S.M., Kjaergaard J., Lukashev D., Belikoff B., Schreiber T.H., Sethumadhavan S., Abbott R., Philbrook P., Thayer M., Shujia D. 2014. Systemic oxygenation weakens the hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha-dependent and extracellular adenosine-mediated tumor protection. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 92: 1283-1292.

Hatfield S.M., Kjaergaard J., Lukashev D., Schreiber T.H., Belikoff B., Abbott R., Sethumadhavan S., Philbrook P., Ko K., Cannici R. 2015. Immunological mechanisms of the antitumor effects of supplemental oxygenation. Sci. Translational Medicine, 7: 277-230.

Hoerr I., Obst R., Rammensee H.G., Jung G. 2000. In vivo application of RNA leads to induction of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibodies. European Journal of Immunology, 30: 1-7.

Hudis C.A. 2007. Trastuzumab- mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357: 39-51.

Hurvitz S.A., Hu Y., O’Brien N., Finn R.S. 2013. Current approaches and future directions in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 39: 219-229.

Kantoff P.W., Higano C.S., Shore N.D., Berger E.R., Small E.J., Penson D.F., Redfern C.H., Farrari A.C., Dreicer R., Sims R.B., Xu Y. 2010. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer, The New England Journal of Medicine, 363: 411-422.

Jeanbart L., Ballester M., de Titta A., Corthesy P., Romero P., Hubbell J.A., Swartz M.A. 2014. Enhancing efficacy of anticancer vaccines by targeted delivery to tumor draining lymph nodes. Cancer Immunology Research, 2: 436-447.

Johnson D.B., Puzanov I., Kelley M.C. 2015. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy, 7: 611-619.

Junttila T.T., Li G., Parsons K., Phillips G.L., Sliwkowski M.X. (2011). Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) retains all the mechanisms of action of trastuzumab and efficiently inhibits growth of lapatinib insensitive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 128: 347-356.

Kabilova T.O., Koytonyuk L.V., Zonov E.V., Ryabchikova E.I., Popova N.A., Nikolin V.P., Kaledin V.I., Zenkova M.A., Vlassov V.V., Chernolovskaya E.L. 2014. Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with small double stranded RNA. BMC Cancer, 14 (338).

Kirkwood J.M., Butterfield L.H., Tarhini A.A., Zarour H., Kalinski P., Ferrone S. 2012. Immunotherapy of cancer in 2012, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 62: 309-335.

Kitadan J., Ojima T., Iwamoto H., Tabata H., Nakamori M., Nakamura M., Katsuda M., Miyazawa M., Hayata K., Yamaute H. 2016. Cancer Immunotherapy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dendritic Cells (iPSDCs) Expressing Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 43(9): 1071-1073.

Kochenderfer J.N., Dudley M.E., Feldman S.A., Wilson W.H., Spaner D.E., Maric I., Stetler-Stevenson M., Phan G.Q., Hughes M.S., Sherry R.M. 2012. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-transducted T-cells. Blood, 119: 2709-2720.

Kohlgraf K.G. 2004. Tumor-specific immunity in MUC1.Tg mice induced by immunization with peptide vaccines from the cytoplasmic tail of CD227 (MUC1). Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, 53: 1068-1084.

Kreiter S., Diken M., Selimi A., Tureci O., Sahin U. 2011. Tumor vaccination using messenger RNA: prospects of a future therapy. Current Opinions on Immunology, 23: 399-406.

Lambrechts D., Lenz H.J., de Haas S., Carmeliet P., Scherer S.J. 2007. Markers of the response for the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab, Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39: 1416-1431.

Lee Y.H., Yoon H.Y., Shin J.M., Saravanakumar G., Noh K.H., Song K.H., Jeon J.H., Kim D.W., Lee K.M., Kim K. 2015. A polymeric conjugate foreignizing tumor cells for targeted immunotherapy in vivo. Journal of Controlled Release, 199(10): 98-105.

Lewis P., Hillips G.D., Li G., Dugger D.L., Crocker L.M., Parsons K.L., Mai E., Blattler W.A., Lambert J.M., Chari R.V. 2008. Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer with trastuzumab-DM1, an antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate. Cancer Research, 68: 9280-9290.

Marabelle A., Kohrt H., Sagiv-Barfi I., Ajami B., Axtell R.C., Zhou G., Rajapaksa R., Green M.R., Torchia J., Brody J. 2013. Depleting tumor-specific Tregs at a single site eradicates disseminated tumors. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123: 2447–2463

Martinez M.T., Perez-Fidalgo J.A., Martin-Martorell P., Cejalvo J.M., Pons V., Bermejo B., Martin M., Albanell J., Lluch A. 2016. Treatment of HER2 positive advanced breast cancer with T-DM1: A review of the literature. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 97: 96-106.

Makkouk A., Chester C., Kohrt H.E. 2016. Rationale for anti-CD137. Cancer Immunotherapy, 54: 112-119.

Marie L.H., Haynes L., Parker C., Iversen P. 2012. Interdisciplinary critique of sipuleucel-T as immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal of National Cancer Institution, 104. 1-7.

Markovic A., Chung C.H. 2012. Current role of EGF receptor monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 12: 1149-1159.

Mehta N.R., Wurz G.T., Burich R.A., Greenberg B.E., Griffey S., Gutierrez A., Bell K.E., McCall J.L., Wolf M., De Gregorio M. 2012. L-BLP25 vaccine plus letrozole induces a TH1 immune response and has additive antitumor activity in MUC1-expressing mammary tumors in mice. Clinical Cancer Research, 18: 2861-2871.

Melero I., Gaudernack G., Gerritsen W., Huber C., Parmiani G., Scholl S., Thatcher N., Wagstaff J., Zielinski C., Faulkner I. 2014. Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 11: 509-524.

Mimeault M., Batra S.K. 2010. New promising drug targets in cancer- and mentastasis initiating cells, Drug Discovery Today, 15: 354-364.

Mittendorf E.A., Clifton G.T., Holmes J.P., Clive K.S., Patil R., Benavides L.C., Gates J.D., Sears A.K., Stojadinovic A., Ponniah S. 2012. Clinical trial results of the HER-2/neu (E75) vaccine to prevent breast cancer recurrence in high-risk patients: from US Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02. Cancer, 118: 2594-2602.

Morse M.A., Coleman R.E., Akabani G., Akabani G., Niehaues N., Coleman D., Lyerly H.K. 1999. Migration of human dendritic cells after injection in patients with metastatic malignancies. Cancer Research, 59 (1): 56-8.

Ohaegbulam K.C., Assal A., Lazar-Molnar E., Yao Y., Zang X. 2015. Human cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 21(1): 24-33.

Palucka K., Banchereau J. 2013. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines, Immunity, 39: 38-48.

Peoples G.E., Gurney J.M., Hueman M.T., Woll M.M., Ryan G.B., Storrer C.E., Fisher C., Shriver C.D., Ioannides C.G., Ponniah S. 2005. Clinical trial results of a HER2/neu (E75) vaccine to prevent recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23: 7536-7545.

Przepiorka D., Ko G.W., Deisseroth A., Yancey G.L., Gandau-Chachon R., Chiu H.J., Gehrke B.J., Gomez-Broughton C., Kane R.C., Kirshner S. 2015. FDA approval: blinatumomab. Clinical Cancer Research, 21: 4035-4039.

Qian Y., Jin H., Qiao S., Dai Y., Huang C., Lu L., Luo Q., Zhang Z. 2016. Targeting dendritic cells in lymph node with an antigen peptide-based nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials, 98: 171-183.

Rok Lee S., Park Y.K., Shin B.O., Park H.R. 2017. Effects of tumor vaccine expressing Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor and interleukin-18 fusion on cancer cells and its possible application for cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine, 89: 143-154.

Sathyanarayanan V., Neelapu S.S. 2015. Cancer immunotherapy: Strategies for personalization and combinatorial approaches. Molecular Oncology, 9: 2043-2053.

Scaltriti M., Rojo F., Ocana A., Anido J., Guzman M., Cortes J., Di Cosimo S., Matias-Guiu X., Ramony Cajal S., Arribas J. 2007. Expression of p95HER2, a truncated form of the HER2 receptor, and response to anti-HER2 therapies in breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 9(8): 628-638

Segal N.H., Gopal A.K., Bhatia S., Kohrt H.E., Levy R., Pishavian M.J., Houot R., Bartlett N., Nghiem P., Kronenberg S.A. 2014. A Phase I study of PF-05082566 (anti-4-1BB) in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32 (15): 3007.

Singh P.K., Hollingsworth M.A. 2006. Cell surface-associated mucins in signal transduction. Trends Cell Biology, 16: 467-476.

Sledzinska A., Menger L., Bergerhoff K., Peggs K.S., Quezada S.A. 2015. Negative immune checkpoints on T lymphocytes and their relevance to cancer immunotherapy. Molecular Oncology, 9 (10): 1936-65.

Sosman J.A., Kim K.B., Schuchter L., Gonzalez R., Pavlick A.C., Weber J.S., McArthur G.A., Hutson T.E., Moschos S.J., Flaherty K.T. 2012. Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib, The New England Journal of Medicine, 366: 707-7014.

Steenblock E.R., Wrzesinski S.H., Flavell R.A., Fahmy T.M. 2009. Antigen presentation on artificial acellular substrates: modular systems for flexible, adaptable immunotherapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 9: 451-464.

Sun X., Suo, J., Yan J. 2016. Immunotherapy in human colorectal cancer: Challenges and prospective. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22 (28): 6362-6372.

Sznol M., Hodi F.S., Margolin K., McDermott D.F., Ermstoff M.S., Kirkwood J.M., Wojtaszek C., Feltquate D., Logan T. 2008. Phase I study of BMS-663513, a fully human anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibody, in patients (pts) with advanced cancer (CA). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26 (15): 3007.

Turtle C.J., Riddell S.R. 2010. Artificial antigen-presenting cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. Cancer Journal, 16: 374-381.

Uyl-de Groot C.A., Vermurken J.B., Hanna M.G., Verboom P., Groot M.T., Bonsel G.J., Meijer C.J., Bloemena E., Ransom J.H., Hanna M.G. 2005. Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine in patients with colon cancer: a prospective study of medical and economic benefits. Vaccine, 23: 2379-2387.

Vacchelli E., Martins I., Eggermont A., Fridman W.H., Galon J., Sautes-Fridman C., Tartour E., Zitvogel L., Kroemer G., Galluzi L. 2012. Trial Watch: Peptide Vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology, 1: 1557-1576.

Van Nuffel A.M., Benteyn D., Wilgenhof S., Pierret L., Corthals J., Heirman C., van der Bruggen P., Coulie P.G., Neyns B., Thielemans K. 2012. Dendritic cells loaded with mRNA encoding full-length tumor antigens prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients. Molecular Therapy, 20(5):1063-1074.

Vanderveer A., Fallon J., Tige R., Sabzevari H., Schlom J., Greiner J. 2015. Systemic immunotherapy of superficial mouse bladder cancer with Avelumab (MSB0010718C), an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor. Journal of Immunotherapy of Cancer, 3: 70.

Varela J.C., Schuetz C., Oelke M., Schneck J. 2016. Rapid Expansion of Tumor-Specific T Cells Using Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs). Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 22 (3): 146-147.

W.H. Organization, WHO. 2014. World cancer report 2014. In editors: Stewart BW, Wild CB.

Willemen Y., Van den Bergh J.M., Bonte S.M., Anguille S., Heirman C., Stein B.M., Goossens H., Kerre T., Thielemans K., Peeters M. 2016. The tumor-associated antigen RHAMM (HMMR/CD168) is expressed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells and presented to T-cells. Oncotarget. 8-7(45):73960-73970.

Young A., Foong Ngiow S., Barkauskas D.S., Sult E., Hay C., Blake S.J., Huang Q., Liu J., Takeda K., Teng M.W.L. 2016. Co-inhibition of CD73 and A2AR Adenosine Signaling Improves Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Cancer Cell, 30: 391-403.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.